Short to midterm follow-up of multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children with special reference to cardiac involvement.

OBJECTIVES: We aim to describe the early and upto 16 months follow-up of post-coronavirus disease (COVID), multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), with special reference to cardiac involvement. STUDY DESIGN: This cohort non-interventional descriptive study included patients <18 years admitted between May, 2020 and April, 2021. Based on underlying similarities, children were classified as post-COVID MIS-C with overlapping Kawasaki Disease, MIS-C with no overlapping Kawasaki Disease, and MIS-C with shock. Post-discharge, patients were followed at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 16 months. RESULTS: Forty-one patients predominantly males (73%), at median age of 7 years (range 0.2-16 years) fulfilled the World Health Organisation criteria for MIS-C. Cardiac involvement was seen in 15 (36.5%); impaired left ventricle (LV) function in 5 (12.2%), coronary artery involvement in 10 (24.4%), pericardial effusion in 6 (14.6%) patients, and no arrhythmias. There were two hospital deaths (4.9%), both in MIS-C shock subgroup (2/10, 20%). At 1 month, there was persistent LV dysfunction in 2/5, coronary artery abnormalities in 7/10, and pericardial effusion resolved completely in all patients. By 6 months, LV function returned to normal in all but coronary abnormalities persisted in two patients. At last follow-up (median 9.8 months, interquartile range 2-16 months), in 36/38 (94.7%) patients, coronary artery dilatation was persistent in 2 (20%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Children with MIS-C have a good early outcome, though MIS-C with shock can be life-threatening subgroup in a resource-constrained country setting. On midterm follow-up, there is normalisation of LV function in all and recovery of coronary abnormalities in 80% of patients.

Intermediate- and long-term follow-up of device closure of patent arterial duct with severe pulmonary hypertension: factors predicting outcome.

BACKGROUND: In patients with large patent arterial ducts and severe pulmonary hypertension, the natural history of progression of pulmonary hypertension is very variable. Whether to close or not to close is often a difficult decision, as there are no established haemodynamic parameters predicting reversibility. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the results of device closure of large patent arterial ducts with severe pulmonary hypertension after 2 years of age and to determine haemodynamic variables associated with its regression during long-term follow-up. METHODS: A total of 45 patients, with median age of 10 (2-27) years, with large patent arterial ducts and severe pulmonary hypertension, were considered. Haemodynamic variables were assessed in air, oxygen, and after occlusion. The follow-up was performed to assess regression of pulmonary hypertension. RESULTS: Device closure was successful in 43 (96%) patients. Pulmonary artery systolic and mean pressures decreased from 79 to 67 mmHg and from 59 to 50 mmHg, respectively (p25% (both in oxygen) (p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Device closure of large patent arterial ducts with severe pulmonary hypertension is safe and effective. Pulmonary vascular resistance index and systolic and mean pulmonary artery pressures in oxygen are the key prognostic variables predicting regression of pulmonary hypertension.

Device closure of atrial septal defect: medium-term outcome with special reference to complications.

BACKGROUND: There are concerns over the outcome of device closure of secundum atrial septal defect with special reference to erosions and aortic regurgitation. AIM: To assess the medium-term outcome of device closure of atrial septal defects with special reference to complications. METHODS: A total of 205 patients with secundum atrial septal defects underwent transcatheter closure from October, 1999 to April, 2009. The median age was 18 (1.4-55) years. Amplatzer Septal Occluder was used in all the patients. Medium-term follow-up was available in 176 of 200 (88%) patients. RESULTS: Device closure was successful in 200 out of 205 (98%) patients. The device embolised in four patients and was associated with short inferior caval vein margin (p = 0.003). Balloon sizing in 71 patients (35%) resulted in implantation of a larger device (p = 0.002). Early complications included pericardial effusion, 2:1 heart block, and infective endocarditis (1 patient each). There were eight patients who reported migraine (3.9%). At median follow-up of 5.8 (0.6-10.3) years, complete closure occurred in 197 out of 200 patients. Short superior caval vein margin was associated with a residual shunt (p < 0.001). There were two patients who developed mild aortic regurgitation (1%), which correlated with a device-to-defect ratio of >1.3:1 (p = 0.001). There were no erosions, late embolisation, or thromboembolism. Atrial fibrillation occurred in three adults (1.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Device closure of secundum atrial septal defects using Amplatzer Septal Occluder is safe and effective in the medium term. Short inferior caval vein margin correlates with increased risk of embolisation and short superior caval vein margin with a residual shunt. The risk of developing aortic regurgitation is low and correlates with increased device-to-defect ratio.

Intermediate and long-term outcome of patients after device closure of ASD with special reference to complications.

BACKGROUND: Device closure of Secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) is an accepted mode of treatment in selected patients with a suitable defect. The major initial concern over the long-term outcome has been erosions and more recently development of aortic regurgitation. Objective was to assess the intermediate and long term outcome of patients with device closure of ASD with special reference to complications. METHODS: Two hundred and four patients with significant Secundum ASD, 16 months to 55 years (median 8 years) were considered for transcatheter closure with the Amplatzer septal occluder from October 1999 to April 2009 with follow up examinations at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months and thereafter at yearly interval. RESULTS: Device closure of ASD was done successfully in 202/204 patients. The immediate (first 24-hour) major complications included device embolization (n = 4), pericardial effusion (n = 1) and 2:1 heart block (n = 1). At a mean follow up of 4.9 years (90 days to 9.6 years, median 5.3 years) complete closure was documented in all patients. Two patients (1%) had developed mild aortic regurgitation. Atrial fibrillation occurred in 3 adult patients (1.5%) at a mean of 2 weeks post procedure with complete recovery within 6 months. There were no late embolizations, erosions or thromboembolic events on long-term follow up. CONCLUSIONS: Device closure of Secundum ASD using Amplatzer septal occluder is safe and effective in intermediate and long-term follow up with extremely low mortality rate. The risk of development of aortic regurgitation or atrial fibrillation is also very low.